The Great Books

The best translations

For most of the great books the translation is most of the decision. Here is the one we would hand you for each of 351 works, with a sentence on why. Where more than one is worth reading, the book page compares them. Many have an older translation you can read free first.

Ancient Near East

  1. The Exaltation of Inannaby Enheduanna · c. 2300 BCE

    Sophus HelleYale University PressAll the poems attributed to her in a fresh translation, with essays on authorship and the Sumerian context.

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  2. The Epic of Gilgameshby Anonymous · c. 1200 BCE

    Andrew GeorgePenguin ClassicsThe standard scholarly translation, honest about gaps in the tablets, with the older Sumerian poems included.Compare 2 translations

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  3. Deuteronomyby The Bible · c. 7th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonA literal, rhythmic translation with a running commentary that explains the Hebrew and the law codes.Compare 2 translations

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  4. Exodusby The Bible · c. 7th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonA literal, rhythmic translation with a running commentary that explains the Hebrew and the law codes.Compare 3 translations

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  5. Genesisby Anonymous · c. 10th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonA literary translation that keeps the Hebrew rhythm, with commentary on nearly every verse.Compare 3 translations

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  6. Leviticusby The Bible · c. 6th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonA literal, rhythmic translation with a running commentary that explains the Hebrew and the law codes.

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  7. Samuelby The Bible · c. 7th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonAlter's translation of 1 and 2 Samuel with a commentary alert to the narrative's artistry.

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  8. The Book of Psalmsby Anonymous · c. 10th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonCompact, rhythmic lines close to the Hebrew, with notes that explain the imagery.Compare 3 translations

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  9. Jobby Anonymous · c. 6th c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonAlter's verse translation restores the poetry of the speeches; the notes explain the difficult Hebrew.Compare 3 translations

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Archaic Greece

  1. The Iliadby Homer · c. 750 BCE

    Richmond LattimoreUniversity of Chicago PressLine-for-line faithful, and the translation most programs assign.Compare 3 translations

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  2. The Odysseyby Homer · c. 725 BCE

    Richmond LattimoreHarper Perennial Modern ClassicsLine-for-line and plain, the companion to his Iliad and the translation the Great Books set uses.Compare 3 translations

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  3. Fablesby Aesop · c. 6th c. BCE

    Laura GibbsOxford World's ClassicsSix hundred fables from the Greek and Latin sources, arranged by theme, with notes on their origins.

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  4. If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sapphoby Sappho · c. 600 BCE

    Anne CarsonVintageEvery fragment with the Greek facing, brackets marking what is lost; the edition most programs assign.Compare 2 translations

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  5. Fragmentsby The Pre-Socratic Philosophers · c. 600-400 BCE

    Jonathan BarnesPenguin ClassicsA full selection of fragments and testimonies in a single volume, arranged by thinker and clearly introduced.

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Classical Greece

  1. Agamemnonby Aeschylus · 458 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and readable, with a long introduction and notes; contains all three plays of the trilogy.Compare 3 translations

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  2. The Eumenidesby Aeschylus · 458 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and readable, with a long introduction and notes; contains all three plays of the trilogy.Compare 2 translations

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  3. The Libation Bearersby Aeschylus · 458 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and readable, with a long introduction and notes; contains all three plays of the trilogy.Compare 2 translations

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  4. The Oresteiaby Aeschylus · 458 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and readable, with a long introduction and notes; the trilogy most often assigned in this version.Compare 3 translations

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  5. Antigoneby Sophocles · c. 441 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and speakable, with Bernard Knox's introductions; the edition most courses assign.

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  6. Medeaby Euripides · 431 BCE

    Oliver TaplinUniversity of Chicago PressThe third edition of the Chicago series replaced the old Warner Medea with Taplin's, which is clearer and closer to the Greek.Compare 2 translations

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  7. Prometheus Boundby Aeschylus · c. 430 BCE

    David GreneUniversity of Chicago PressThe Complete Greek Tragedies edition, in the Griffith and Most revision, with the four non-Oresteia plays in one volume.

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  8. The Historiesby Herodotus · c. 430 BCE

    Andrea L. PurvisAnchorMaps on nearly every page and clear notes; the edition that makes the geography followable.Compare 3 translations

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  9. Oedipus the Kingby Sophocles · c. 429 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and speakable, with Bernard Knox's introductions, and it contains all three Theban plays.Compare 3 translations

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  10. Hippolytusby Euripides · 428 BCE

    David GreneUniversity of Chicago PressStandard scholarly translation in the series most programs use; the volume also contains Alcestis, Medea and The Heracleidae.Compare 2 translations

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  11. The Cloudsby Aristophanes · 423 BCE

    Thomas G. West and Grace Starry WestCornell University PressLiteral translation printed alongside Plato's Apology, Crito and Euthyphro, which is how most programs read it.Compare 3 translations

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  12. The Trojan Womenby Euripides · 415 BCE

    Richmond LattimoreUniversity of Chicago PressLattimore's plain, grieving verse suits a play that is almost all lament.

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  13. The Birdsby Aristophanes · 414 BCE

    David Barrett and Alan H. SommersteinPenguin ClassicsReadable and funny, with notes on the topical jokes; the volume also includes Knights, Peace, Wealth and Assemblywomen.Compare 2 translations

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  14. Lysistrataby Aristophanes · 411 BCE

    Alan H. SommersteinPenguin ClassicsFrank, accurate and funny; the volume also has The Acharnians and The Clouds.Compare 2 translations

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  15. Philoctetesby Sophocles · 409 BCE

    David GreneUniversity of Chicago PressThe Chicago Complete Greek Tragedies, third edition, with the other four surviving plays outside the Theban cycle.

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  16. Oedipus at Colonusby Sophocles · c. 406 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVivid and speakable, with Bernard Knox's introductions; contains all three Theban plays.Compare 2 translations

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  17. The Bacchaeby Euripides · c. 405 BCE

    William ArrowsmithUniversity of Chicago PressThe Chicago series is what most programs assign; Arrowsmith's Bacchae is vivid and accurate.Compare 3 translations

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  18. The Frogsby Aristophanes · 405 BCE

    David Barrett, revised by Shomit DuttaPenguin ClassicsKeeps the jokes alive and annotates the literary parodies; also contains Wasps and Women at the Thesmophoria.

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  19. History of the Peloponnesian Warby Thucydides · c. 431-400 BCE

    Richard Crawley, edited by Robert B. StrasslerFree PressThe Crawley text with maps on nearly every page, marginal summaries and appendices that make the campaigns followable.Compare 3 translations

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  20. Medical Writingsby Hippocrates · c. 430-350 BCE

    J. Chadwick and W. N. Mann and othersPenguin ClassicsG. E. R. Lloyd's selection of the most read treatises, including the Oath, Epidemics, Airs Waters Places, The Sacred Disease and Aphorisms, with a good introduction.Compare 2 translations

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  21. Tao Te Chingby Laozi · c. 4th c. BCE

    Stephen Addiss and Stanley LombardoHackettA spare translation that shows one line of the Chinese characters per chapter; D. C. Lau's Penguin is the scholarly alternative.

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  22. The Sayings of Confuciusby Confucius · c. 5th c. BCE

    Edward SlingerlandHackettA clear translation that prints the traditional Chinese commentaries alongside each passage.Compare 3 translations

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  23. Apologyby Plato · c. 395 BCE

    G. M. A. Grube, revised by John M. CooperHackettClear, accurate and cheap, with Euthyphro, Crito, Meno and Phaedo in the same volume.

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  24. Critoby Plato · c. 395 BCE

    G. M. A. GrubeHackettRevised by John M. Cooper and bound with the Apology, which Crito continues; reliable and inexpensive.Compare 3 translations

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  25. Euthyphroby Plato · c. 395 BCE

    G. M. A. Grube, revised by John M. CooperHackettThe usual first Plato text for students, bound with the trial and death dialogues it introduces.

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  26. Ionby Plato · c. 390 BCE

    Paul Woodruff, in the volume edited by John M. CooperHackettThe short dialogue is rarely printed alone; the Cooper volume has it in a crisp translation.

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  27. Protagorasby Plato · c. 390 BCE

    Stanley Lombardo and Karen BellHackettFluent and dramatic, with an introduction by Michael Frede.

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  28. Gorgiasby Plato · c. 385 BCE

    Donald J. ZeylHackettAccurate and idiomatic; the standard student translation.Compare 2 translations

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  29. Menoby Plato · c. 385 BCE

    G. M. A. Grube, revised by John M. CooperHackettThe standard translation, in a volume that pairs it with the Apology and Phaedo.Compare 3 translations

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  30. Phaedoby Plato · c. 380 BCE

    G. M. A. Grube, revised by John M. CooperHackettThe standard classroom translation, bound with the Apology and Crito that lead up to it.Compare 3 translations

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  31. Symposiumby Plato · c. 380 BCE

    Alexander Nehamas and Paul WoodruffHackettLively and precise, with a helpful introduction; the translation most programs assign.

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  32. The Republicby Plato · c. 375 BCE

    Allan BloomBasic BooksLiteral enough for close reading, with the interpretive essay many programs use.Compare 3 translations

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  33. Phaedrusby Plato · c. 370 BCE

    Alexander Nehamas and Paul WoodruffHackettReadable and careful, with notes that follow the argument's turns.Compare 2 translations

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  34. Parmenidesby Plato · c. 365 BCE

    Mary Louise Gill and Paul Ryan, in the volume edited by John M. CooperHackettThe Gill and Ryan translation is the clearest available, and the Cooper volume collects every dialogue.

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  35. Theaetetusby Plato · c. 365 BCE

    M. J. Levett, revised by Myles BurnyeatHackettLevett's translation is still the best, and Burnyeat's long introduction is a classic guide to the argument.

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  36. Sophistby Plato · c. 360 BCE

    Nicholas P. White, in the volume edited by John M. CooperHackettThe Cooper collection is the standard reference edition and includes this dialogue in a clear translation.

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  37. Timaeusby Plato · c. 360 BCE

    Donald J. ZeylHackettA careful translation with a long introduction that explains the cosmology.Compare 2 translations

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  38. Lawsby Plato · c. 350 BCE

    Thomas L. PangleUniversity of Chicago PressLiteral and complete, with an interpretive essay; the translation most seminars use.

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  39. On the Soulby Aristotle · c. 350 BCE

    Joe SachsGreen Lion PressLiteral and carefully consistent, with an introduction that walks through the argument.Compare 3 translations

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  40. Physicsby Aristotle · c. 350 BCE

    Joe SachsRutgers University PressDeliberately literal, keeping Aristotle's own vocabulary visible, and the version St. John's uses.Compare 3 translations

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  41. Metaphysicsby Aristotle · c. 340 BCE

    Joe SachsGreen Lion PressRenders Aristotle's coinages into plain English rather than Latinate jargon, with commentary on every book.Compare 3 translations

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  42. Nicomachean Ethicsby Aristotle · c. 340 BCE

    Terence IrwinHackettPrecise and consistent in its key terms, with a glossary and notes most courses rely on.Compare 3 translations

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  43. Poeticsby Aristotle · c. 335 BCE

    Malcolm HeathPenguin ClassicsClear, inexpensive, with a long introduction that explains the technical terms.Compare 3 translations

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  44. Politicsby Aristotle · c. 335 BCE

    Carnes LordUniversity of Chicago PressLiteral, with a good glossary and a substantial introduction, and the second edition corrects the first.Compare 3 translations

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  45. Rhetoricby Aristotle · c. 335 BCE

    George A. KennedyOxford University PressThe standard scholarly translation, with notes that explain the Greek terms and the courtroom and assembly settings.Compare 2 translations

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  46. The Athenian Constitutionby Aristotle · c. 330 BCE

    P. J. RhodesPenguin ClassicsA clear translation by the leading commentator on the text, with notes that supply the missing history.

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Hellenistic and Roman Republic

  1. Elementsby Euclid · c. 300 BCE

    Thomas L. HeathGreen Lion PressHeath's translation in one volume without his commentary, the edition St. John's and TAC use in tutorial.Compare 3 translations

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  2. Letter to Herodotus and Letter to Menoeceusby Epicurus · c. 300 BCE

    Brad Inwood and Lloyd P. GersonHackettAll three surviving letters, the Principal Doctrines and the main ancient reports in one cheap volume.

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  3. Letter to Menoeceusby Epicurus · c. 300 BCE

    Brad Inwood and Lloyd P. GersonHackettThe letters, the Principal Doctrines and the main ancient reports in one cheap volume.

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  4. Buddhist Writingsby Anonymous · c. 3rd c. BCE

    Henry Clarke WarrenHarvard University PressThe anthology the Harvard Classics excerpted; public domain and still a good sampler of the Pali texts.

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  5. Ecclesiastesby Anonymous · c. 3rd c. BCE

    Robert AlterW. W. NortonAlter renders the famous refrain as "mere breath" and explains why; the notes are brief and useful.

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  6. On Floating Bodiesby Archimedes · c. 250 BCE

    T. L. HeathDoverThe treatise is not sold separately; Heath's collected edition is the standard.

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  7. The Stoics Readerby Various authors · 3rd c. BCE

    Brad Inwood and Lloyd P. GersonHackettThe edition Yale assigns; the numbered texts make it easy to find the passages on the syllabus.

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  8. Worksby Archimedes · c. 250-212 BCE

    T. L. HeathDoverHeath's 1897 edition with The Method, in modern notation; the text used in Great Books.

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  9. On Conic Sectionsby Apollonius of Perga · c. 200 BCE

    R. Catesby TaliaferroGreen Lion PressThe translation used at St. John's and Thomas Aquinas College, with diagrams reworked for study; the 1939 Taliaferro text is the one Great Books reprinted.

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  10. The Bhagavad Gitaby Anonymous · c. 2nd c. BCE

    Laurie L. PattonPenguin ClassicsLine-by-line verse that stays close to the Sanskrit, with a clear introduction for first readers.

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  11. The Historiesby Polybius · c. 150-118 BCE

    Ian Scott-KilvertPenguin ClassicsA generous selection including all of Book VI, in a clear translation with F. W. Walbank's introduction.

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  12. On the Nature of Thingsby Lucretius · c. 55 BCE

    A. E. StallingsPenguin ClassicsA rhymed verse translation that is both accurate and a pleasure to read out loud.Compare 3 translations

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  13. Lettersby Cicero · 68-43 BCE

    P. G. WalshOxford World's ClassicsA generous selection in chronological order with the notes a reader needs to follow the politics.

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  14. On Dutiesby Cicero · 44 BCE

    M. T. Griffin and E. M. AtkinsCambridge University PressAccurate, with an introduction on the Roman political context and a glossary of Latin terms.Compare 2 translations

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  15. On Friendshipby Cicero · 44 BCE

    W. A. FalconerLoeb Classical Library, Harvard University PressLatin and English facing; the three short late works are usually read together.

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  16. On Old Ageby Cicero · 44 BCE

    W. A. FalconerLoeb Classical Library, Harvard University PressLatin and English facing; the three short late works are usually read together.

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  17. Ecloguesby Virgil · c. 39 BCE

    C. Day LewisOxford World's ClassicsDay Lewis's verse versions, used by the Great Books set, with an introduction by R. O. A. M. Lyne.

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  18. Georgicsby Virgil · 29 BCE

    C. Day LewisOxford World's ClassicsA poet's translation that keeps the pace of the Latin; David Ferry's version is the other strong choice.

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Roman Empire

  1. Odes and Epodesby Horace · 30-13 BCE

    David WestOxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics)Accurate prose-like verse with brief notes to each poem; the Loeb, with Latin facing, is the alternative.

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  2. History of Romeby Livy · 20 BCE

    Aubrey de SélincourtPenguin ClassicsBooks I to V, the part programs assign, in a readable translation with R. M. Ogilvie's introduction.Compare 2 translations

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  3. The Aeneidby Virgil · 29-19 BCE

    Robert FaglesPenguin ClassicsVigorous and clear, with Bernard Knox's introduction; Fitzgerald and Ruden are the other common choices.

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  4. Metamorphosesby Ovid · 8 CE

    Charles MartinW. W. NortonA complete, readable verse translation with Bernard Knox's introduction and a good glossary.Compare 3 translations

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  5. Moral and Political Essaysby Seneca · c. 41-62 CE

    John M. Cooper and J. F. ProcopéCambridge University PressThe Cambridge Texts volume that assigns the essays as philosophy rather than period prose, with full notes.

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  6. Germanyby Tacitus · 98

    Anthony BirleyOxford World's ClassicsBoth short works together with good notes; the Harvard Classics uses the older Church and Brodribb translation.

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  7. Gospel of Thomasby Anonymous · c. 60-140 CE

    Marvin MeyerHarperOneCoptic and English facing, with notes on each saying and its parallels in the canonical Gospels.

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  8. Introduction to Arithmeticby Nicomachus of Gerasa · c. 100

    Martin Luther D'OogeGreat Books of the Western WorldD'Ooge's 1926 translation is the only complete English version; Great Books volume 10 (11 in the 1990 set) reprints it.

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  9. Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romansby Plutarch · c. 100-120

    John Dryden, revised by Arthur Hugh CloughModern LibraryThe complete Lives in the version Great Books and the Harvard Classics use, in two paperback volumes.Compare 3 translations

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  10. Moraliaby Plutarch · c. 80-120

    Robin WaterfieldPenguin ClassicsA well-chosen selection of the most read Moralia; the complete text is in fifteen Loeb volumes.

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  11. Lettersby Pliny the Younger · c. 97-112 CE

    Betty RadicePenguin ClassicsComplete, including the correspondence with Trajan, in a translation that reads easily.

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  12. Discoursesby Epictetus · c. 108 CE

    Robert DobbinPenguin ClassicsA generous selection in plain modern English; the two-volume Loeb by W. A. Oldfather has the full Greek text.Compare 3 translations

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  13. The Golden Sayings of Epictetusby Epictetus · c. 108 CE

    Hastings CrossleyP. F. CollierThe selection as Eliot printed it, and the one the Harvard Classics list refers to.

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  14. Historiesby Tacitus · c. 105-110

    Kenneth WellesleyPenguin ClassicsRevised by Rhiannon Ash, with maps and notes; the standard paperback.

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  15. Annalsby Tacitus · c. 115-120

    Michael GrantPenguin ClassicsFluent and long assigned; A. J. Woodman's Hackett translation is closer to the Latin for those who want it.Compare 3 translations

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  16. Enchiridionby Epictetus · c. 125 CE

    Robert DobbinPenguin ClassicsModern and readable, and it prints the Handbook with enough of the Discourses to see where it comes from.Compare 3 translations

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  17. Almagestby Ptolemy · c. 150 CE

    G. J. ToomerPrinceton University PressThe only complete modern English translation, with the diagrams and notes needed to follow the geometry.

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  18. Gospel of Judasby Anonymous · c. 150 CE

    Rodolphe Kasser, Marvin Meyer and Gregor WurstNational GeographicThe second edition of the first publication, with the Coptic text restored and essays on the discovery.

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  19. Worksby Lucian · c. 160-180

    C. D. N. CostaOxford World's ClassicsA generous selection including the True History, the Dialogues of the Dead and Philosophies for Sale in lively modern English.

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  20. Meditationsby Marcus Aurelius · c. 170-180

    Gregory HaysModern LibraryPlain and direct, with an introduction that explains the Stoic background in a few pages.Compare 3 translations

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  21. On the Natural Facultiesby Galen · c. 170 CE

    Arthur John BrockLoeb Classical Library, Harvard University PressGreek and English facing, with an introduction to Galen's physiology; the translation the Great Books reprint.

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  22. Outlines of Scepticismby Sextus Empiricus · c. 200

    Julia Annas and Jonathan BarnesCambridge University PressThe standard modern translation with an introduction that explains the Pyrrhonist project.

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  23. Isagogeby Porphyry · c. 270

    Jonathan BarnesOxford University PressA modern translation with a commentary longer than the text, in the Clarendon Later Ancient Philosophers series.

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  24. The Enneadsby Plotinus · c. 253

    Stephen MacKenna, abridged by John DillonPenguin ClassicsMacKenna's translation, the one Great Books uses, in a well-chosen abridgement; Gerson's Cambridge edition is the modern complete text.Compare 2 translations

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Late Antiquity

  1. On the Teacherby Augustine · 389

    Peter KingHackettA careful philosophical translation with notes, paired with the early dialogue on scepticism.

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  2. On Free Choice of the Willby Augustine · 388-395

    Thomas WilliamsHackettPlain, exact and cheap; the translation most philosophy courses assign.

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  3. Confessionsby Augustine · 397-400

    Henry ChadwickOxford World's ClassicsAccurate and readable, with notes that identify the scriptural and Neoplatonic echoes.Compare 3 translations

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  4. On Christian Doctrineby Augustine · 397-426

    R. P. H. GreenOxford World's ClassicsA modern, accurate translation by the editor of the Latin text, with concise notes.Compare 2 translations

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  5. The City of Godby Augustine · 413-426

    Henry BettensonPenguin ClassicsThe complete text in one affordable volume, with a helpful introduction by G. R. Evans.

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  6. On Musicby Boethius · c. 500

    Calvin M. BowerYale University PressThe only complete English translation, edited by Claude V. Palisca with the diagrams and a full introduction.

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  7. The Consolation of Philosophyby Boethius · 524

    P. G. WalshOxford World's ClassicsAccurate prose with verse for the metra, and a full introduction; Victor Watts's Penguin is the other standard choice.

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  8. The Qur'anby Anonymous · 610

    M. A. S. Abdel HaleemOxford World's ClassicsClear modern English, brief notes, and the translation most often assigned in college courses.

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Medieval

  1. Bodhicaryavataraby Shantideva · c. 700 CE

    Kate Crosby and Andrew SkiltonOxford World's ClassicsA scholarly translation from the Sanskrit with an introduction to each chapter and to Mahayana thought.

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  2. An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faithby John of Damascus · c. 743

    Frederic H. ChaseCatholic University of America PressThe complete Fount of Knowledge, of which the Exposition is the third part, in the standard English translation.

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  3. Beowulfby Anonymous · c. 8th c.

    Seamus HeaneyW. W. NortonA poet's translation that keeps the alliterative pulse; the Old English faces the English on each page.

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  4. On the Intellectby Al-Kindi · c. 850

    Jon McGinnis and David C. ReismanHackettThe anthology Yale assigns; al-Kindi's short treatises sit with al-Farabi, Avicenna and Averroes in one volume.

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  5. The Destruction of Dá Derga's Hostelby Anonymous · c. 8th c.

    Whitley StokesHarvard Classics, P. F. CollierThe public-domain translation used by the Harvard Classics; more recent versions appear in anthologies of early Irish tales.

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  6. Doubts About Galenby Al-Razi · c. 900-925

    Jon McGinnis and David C. ReismanHackettThe anthology Yale assigns; it prints the Introduction, the part programs read.

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  7. On the Intellectby Al-Farabi · c. 940

    Jon McGinnis and David C. ReismanHackettThe anthology Yale assigns; it prints the treatise with the other main texts of the tradition.

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  8. The Attainment of Happinessby Al-Farabi · c. 940

    Muhsin MahdiCornell University PressMahdi's translation, where the Attainment forms the first part of a trilogy with the summaries of Plato and Aristotle.

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  9. The Political Regimeby Al-Farabi · c. 940

    Charles E. ButterworthCornell University PressThe first complete English translation of the Political Regime, with the Summary of Plato's Laws.

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  10. The Cureby Avicenna (Ibn Sina) · c. 1020-1027

    Jon McGinnis and David C. ReismanHackettThe Soul and other key sections of The Cure in the anthology most courses use; the whole has never been translated into English.

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  11. The Song of Rolandby Anonymous · c. 1100

    Glyn BurgessPenguin ClassicsFaithful line-by-line verse with a good introduction; the translation most often assigned.

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  12. The Rescuer from Errorby Al-Ghazali · c. 1108

    R. J. McCarthyFons VitaeMcCarthy's translation is the standard one and the one most anthologies excerpt; this reprint is affordable.

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  13. The Lais of Marie de Franceby Marie de France · c. 1160-1190

    Glyn S. Burgess and Keith BusbyPenguin ClassicsClear prose translations of all twelve lais with an introduction; the Norton edition by Dorothy Gilbert offers verse.

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  14. The Story of Hayy ibn Yaqzanby Ibn Tufayl · c. 1160-1185

    Lenn Evan GoodmanUniversity of Chicago PressThe standard English translation, with a long introduction and notes.

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  15. The Guide of the Perplexedby Maimonides · c. 1190

    Shlomo PinesUniversity of Chicago PressThe scholarly standard in English, in two volumes, with Leo Strauss's essay on how to read the book.

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  16. The Nibelungenliedby Anonymous · c. 1200

    A. T. HattoPenguin ClassicsA prose translation with long appendices on the poem's sources, characters and manuscript problems.

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  17. The Translator of Desiresby Ibn Arabi · c. 1215

    Michael SellsPrinceton University PressA complete modern verse translation with facing Arabic and notes on the imagery and the Sufi reading.

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  18. On Being and Essenceby Thomas Aquinas · c. 1252-1256

    Armand MaurerPontifical Institute of Mediaeval StudiesShort, reliable and annotated; the version most tutorials assign.

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  19. On the Teacherby Thomas Aquinas · c. 1256-1259

    James V. McGlynnRegneryA compact stand-alone translation of the two most-read questions of De veritate.

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  20. The Division and Methods of the Sciencesby Thomas Aquinas · c. 1257-1259

    Armand MaurerPontifical Institute of Mediaeval StudiesThe standard English text of questions five and six, with a substantial introduction.

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  21. The Journey of the Mind to Godby Bonaventure · 1259

    Philotheus BoehnerHackettCompact and accurate, edited by Stephen Brown with a good introduction.

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  22. Summa Theologicaby Thomas Aquinas · 1265-1274

    Fathers of the English Dominican ProvinceChristian ClassicsThe complete five-volume English text, out of copyright and the version most programs quote.Compare 3 translations

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  23. On Kingshipby Thomas Aquinas · c. 1267

    Gerald B. Phelan and I. Th. EschmannPontifical Institute of Mediaeval StudiesThe standard English translation of the portion generally accepted as Aquinas' own.

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  24. The Poetic Eddaby Anonymous · c. 800

    Carolyne LarringtonOxford World's ClassicsComplete, accurate and readable, with notes that untangle the allusions; the standard student text.

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  25. The Saga of the Volsungsby Anonymous · c. 1250-1300

    Jesse L. ByockPenguin ClassicsA clear prose translation with an introduction on the legend's history and its use by Wagner and Tolkien.

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  26. Commentary on the Posterior Analyticsby Thomas Aquinas · c. 1271-1272

    Richard BerquistDumb Ox BooksComplete modern translation with Aristotle's text interleaved.

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  27. The Saga of Burnt Njalby Anonymous · c. 1280

    Robert CookPenguin ClassicsThe most recent scholarly translation, with maps, genealogies and notes on the law.

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  28. The New Lifeby Dante Alighieri · c. 1293-1295

    Mark MusaOxford World's ClassicsClear prose with the poems in verse and an introduction that explains the book's structure.

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  29. On Monarchyby Dante Alighieri · c. 1312-1318

    Prue ShawCambridge University PressThe standard annotated translation, in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought series.

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  30. Infernoby Dante Alighieri · c. 1308-1314

    Robert Hollander and Jean HollanderAnchorVerse translation with the Italian facing and the fullest notes of any paperback.Compare 3 translations

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  31. Purgatorioby Dante Alighieri · c. 1314-1316

    Robert Hollander and Jean HollanderAnchorMatches the Hollander Inferno, with the Italian facing and full notes.

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  32. Paradisoby Dante Alighieri · c. 1316-1320

    Robert Hollander and Jean HollanderAnchorCompletes the Hollander set; the notes are essential for the theology and astronomy.

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  33. The Divine Comedyby Dante Alighieri · c. 1308-1320

    Allen MandelbaumEveryman's LibraryAccurate blank verse in one volume, widely assigned, and available separately with facing Italian.Compare 3 translations

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  34. The Ascent of Mont Ventouxby Petrarch · 1336

    Hans NachodUniversity of Chicago PressPrints the letter together with On His Own Ignorance, the pairing Notre Dame assigns.

    Amazon

  35. The Thousand and One Nightsby Anonymous · c. 9th c.

    Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula LyonsPenguin ClassicsThe first complete modern English translation from the Arabic; a one-volume selection is also available.

    Amazon

  36. The Muqaddimahby Ibn Khaldun · 1377

    Franz RosenthalPrinceton University PressN. J. Dawood's one-volume abridgement of Rosenthal's translation, with Bruce Lawrence's introduction, is the version courses assign.

    Amazon

  37. Troilus and Criseydeby Geoffrey Chaucer · c. 1382-1386

    Barry WindeattOxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics)A modern prose rendering by the poem's leading editor, with a full introduction; readers with some Middle English should try the original.

    Amazon

  38. Sir Gawain and the Green Knightby Anonymous · c. 1375-1400

    Simon ArmitageW. W. NortonAlliterative verse that keeps the poem's energy, with the Middle English on facing pages.

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  39. The Canterbury Talesby Geoffrey Chaucer · c. 1387-1400

    Nevill CoghillPenguin ClassicsThe modern verse translation most programs assign; read the General Prologue in Middle English alongside it if you can.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  40. Showingsby Julian of Norwich · c. 1373-1393

    Edmund Colledge and James WalshPaulist Press, Classics of Western SpiritualityBoth the short and long texts in a clear modern English translation; Elizabeth Spearing's Penguin is a good alternative.

    Amazon

  41. Chroniclesby Jean Froissart · c. 1370-1400

    Geoffrey BreretonPenguin ClassicsA well chosen abridgement of the vast whole, with the famous set pieces intact; the complete Chronicles run to many volumes.

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Renaissance

  1. The Book of the City of Ladiesby Christine de Pizan · 1405

    Rosalind Brown-GrantPenguin ClassicsA clear complete translation with an introduction on Christine's life and the querelle des femmes.

    Amazon

  2. The Imitation of Christby Thomas à Kempis · c. 1418-1427

    Leo Sherley-PricePenguin ClassicsPlain and long in print; the Harvard Classics uses William Benham's translation.

    Amazon

  3. The Praise of Follyby Desiderius Erasmus · 1511

    Betty RadicePenguin ClassicsStandard translation with A. H. T. Levi's notes and Erasmus' letter to Dorp defending the book.Compare 2 translations

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  4. The Princeby Niccolò Machiavelli · 1513

    Harvey C. MansfieldUniversity of Chicago PressLiteral and widely assigned; the notes explain Machiavelli's vocabulary.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  5. Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livyby Niccolò Machiavelli · c. 1513

    Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan TarcovUniversity of Chicago PressThe literal translation that matches Mansfield's Prince, with an introduction on the book's structure.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  6. The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasantsby Swabian Peasants · 1525

    Tom Scott and Bob ScribnerHumanities PressThe articles with the other manifestos and Luther's replies; the text is also widely reprinted in Reformation readers.

    Amazon

  7. Gargantua and Pantagruelby François Rabelais · 1532-1564

    M. A. ScreechPenguin ClassicsThe most accurate modern translation, with each chapter introduced and the jokes explained.

    Amazon

  8. Institutes of the Christian Religionby John Calvin · 1536

    Ford Lewis BattlesWestminster John Knox PressJohn T. McNeill's two-volume edition of the 1559 text, the standard scholarly translation.Compare 3 translations

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  9. On the American Indiansby Francisco de Vitoria · 1539

    Anthony Pagden and Jeremy LawranceCambridge University PressThe standard English collection of Vitoria's lectures, including On the American Indians and On the Law of War.

    Amazon

  10. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheresby Nicolaus Copernicus · 1543

    Edward RosenJohns Hopkins University PressThe standard English translation with Rosen's commentary; Book I alone is what most programs assign.Compare 3 translations

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  11. The Autobiography of Benvenuto Celliniby Benvenuto Cellini · 1558

    Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter BondanellaOxford World's ClassicsA modern translation with notes on the artists, popes and princes Cellini names.

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  12. The Interior Castleby Teresa of Ávila · 1577

    Kieran Kavanaugh and Otilio RodriguezICS PublicationsThe Carmelite scholarly translation, in a study edition with introductions to each set of dwelling places.

    Amazon

  13. Essaysby Michel de Montaigne · 1580-1595

    M. A. ScreechPenguin ClassicsComplete, with the layers of Montaigne's revisions marked and every classical quotation identified.Compare 3 translations

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  14. Journeys in Diverse Placesby Ambroise Paré · 1585

    Stephen PagetP. F. Collier and SonPaget's translation is the only common English version; free online.

    Amazon

  15. On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodiesby William Gilbert · 1600

    P. Fleury MottelayDover PublicationsThe 1893 translation used in the Great Books set, in an inexpensive reprint with the original figures.

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Seventeenth Century

  1. Don Quixoteby Miguel de Cervantes · 1605-1615

    Edith GrossmanEccoThe most widely assigned modern translation, fluent, funny and complete.Compare 3 translations

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  2. The Starry Messengerby Galileo Galilei · 1610

    Albert Van HeldenUniversity of Chicago PressA complete translation with Galileo's drawings and an introduction on the telescope and its reception.

    Amazon

  3. Appeal Concerning the Priestsby Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala · c. 1615

    Roland HamiltonUniversity of Texas PressAn abridged English translation of the manuscript from which the appeal is taken, with the drawings.

    Amazon

  4. Epitome of Copernican Astronomyby Johannes Kepler · 1618-1621

    Charles Glenn WallisPrometheus BooksThe Great Books translation of Books IV and V of the Epitome with Book V of the Harmonies, reprinted in paperback.

    Amazon

  5. Concerning the Harmonies of the Worldby Johannes Kepler · 1619

    E. J. Aiton, A. M. Duncan and J. V. FieldAmerican Philosophical SocietyThe only complete English translation of all five books, with the diagrams and full commentary.

    Amazon

  6. Novum Organumby Francis Bacon · 1620

    Lisa Jardine and Michael SilverthorneCambridge University PressA modern translation of the whole work, including the prefatory matter of the Great Instauration, with a clear introduction.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  7. On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animalsby William Harvey · 1628

    Kenneth J. FranklinEveryman's LibraryContains De Motu Cordis and the two later letters on circulation in a readable modern translation.Compare 2 translations

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  8. Rules for the Direction of the Mindby René Descartes · c. 1628

    John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff and Dugald MurdochCambridge University PressThe standard scholarly translation, and the one most programs photocopy from.Compare 2 translations

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  9. Life Is a Dreamby Pedro Calderón de la Barca · 1635

    Gregary RaczPenguin ClassicsA verse translation that keeps the varied metres; the Harvard Classics uses Edward FitzGerald's free version.

    Amazon

  10. Discourse on Methodby René Descartes · 1637

    Donald A. CressHackettCheap, accurate and paired with the Meditations, which is how most courses assign it.Compare 3 translations

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  11. Geometryby René Descartes · 1637

    David Eugene Smith and Marcia L. LathamDoverFacing-page French and English facsimile, the only edition in general use.Compare 2 translations

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  12. Le Cidby Pierre Corneille · 1637

    John CairncrossPenguin ClassicsThe verse translation most widely available in English.

    Amazon

  13. Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciencesby Galileo Galilei · 1638

    Henry Crew and Alfonso de SalvioDoverThe 1914 translation used by Great Books; Stillman Drake's Wisconsin translation is more accurate but harder to find.Compare 2 translations

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  14. Meditations on First Philosophyby René Descartes · 1641

    John CottinghamCambridge University PressThe standard classroom translation, with the most useful of the Objections and Replies appended.Compare 3 translations

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  15. Objections Against the Meditations and Repliesby René Descartes · 1641-1642

    John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff and Dugald MurdochCambridge University PressThe complete set of the seven objections with Descartes's answers, in the standard translation.

    Amazon

  16. Polyeucteby Pierre Corneille · 1642-1643

    John CairncrossPenguin ClassicsCairncross's verse translation; the Harvard Classics uses Thomas Constable's version.

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  17. Correspondence with Descartesby Elisabeth of Bohemia · 1643-1649

    Lisa ShapiroUniversity of Chicago PressThe first complete English edition of both sides of the exchange, with an introduction that takes Elisabeth's objections seriously as philosophy.

    Amazon

  18. Principles of Philosophyby René Descartes · 1644

    Valentine Rodger Miller and Reese P. MillerKluwerThe only complete English translation of all four parts, with the notes a first reader needs.

    Amazon

  19. On the Circulation of the Bloodby William Harvey · 1649

    Kenneth J. FranklinEveryman's LibraryPrints the two letters with De Motu Cordis, where they belong.

    Amazon

  20. On the Generation of Animalsby William Harvey · 1651

    Gweneth WhitteridgeBlackwellThe only full modern scholarly translation; the Great Books volume uses the older Willis version.

    Amazon

  21. Scientific Treatisesby Blaise Pascal · 1647-1665

    Richard ScofieldEncyclopaedia BritannicaThe collection as assembled for the Great Books set; the scientific pieces are otherwise scattered across specialist editions.

    Amazon

  22. The Provincial Lettersby Blaise Pascal · 1656-1657

    A. J. KrailsheimerPenguin ClassicsThe standard English translation, with an introduction on the quarrel between the Jansenists and the Jesuits.

    Amazon

  23. The School for Wivesby Molière · 1662

    Richard WilburHarcourtWilbur's verse translation, paired with a later comedy on the same theme.

    Amazon

  24. The Critique of the School for Wivesby Molière · 1663

    John Wood and David CowardPenguin ClassicsOne of the few paperback translations in print; keeps the one-act pace.

    Amazon

  25. Tartuffeby Molière · 1664

    Richard WilburHarcourtRhymed couplets that keep the comic timing of the French; the standard classroom text.Compare 2 translations

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  26. Don Juanby Molière · 1665

    Richard WilburHarcourtWilbur's prose version of the one Molière play not written in verse.

    Amazon

  27. The Misanthropeby Molière · 1666

    Richard WilburHarcourtWilbur's couplets are the version most anthologies and programs use.

    Amazon

  28. Andromacheby Jean Racine · 1667

    John CairncrossPenguin ClassicsThree of Racine's major tragedies in a clear blank-verse translation.

    Amazon

  29. The Miserby Molière · 1668

    John Wood and David CowardPenguin ClassicsClear prose translation with The Would-Be Gentleman and other late comedies in the same volume.

    Amazon

  30. Béréniceby Jean Racine · 1670

    John CairncrossPenguin ClassicsThree of Racine's major tragedies in a clear blank-verse translation.

    Amazon

  31. Penséesby Blaise Pascal · 1657

    A. J. KrailsheimerPenguin ClassicsFollows the Lafuma ordering of Pascal's own bundles, the arrangement most scholars now use.

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  32. The Would-Be Gentlemanby Molière · 1670

    John Wood and David CowardPenguin ClassicsReadable prose with the ballet interludes retained.

    Amazon

  33. Theologico-Political Treatiseby Baruch Spinoza · 1670

    Michael Silverthorne and Jonathan IsraelCambridge University PressThe Cambridge Texts edition, accurate and annotated, with Israel's introduction on the book's reception.

    Amazon

  34. The Imaginary Invalidby Molière · 1673

    John Wood and David CowardPenguin ClassicsProse translation that keeps the interludes and the mock doctoral ceremony.

    Amazon

  35. Ethicsby Baruch Spinoza · 1677

    Edwin CurleyPenguin ClassicsThe clearest modern English, taken from Curley's Collected Works, with the cross-references a first reader needs.Compare 2 translations

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  36. Phaedraby Jean Racine · 1677

    Ted HughesFarrar, Straus and GirouxA forceful free-verse version that reads well aloud; Richard Wilbur's rhymed translation is the alternative.Compare 2 translations

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  37. Discourse on Metaphysicsby Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1686

    Daniel Garber and Roger AriewHackettThe Discourse with the Monadology and Principles of Nature and Grace in one short, accurate volume.Compare 2 translations

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  38. Philosophical Essaysby Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1686-1716

    Roger Ariew and Daniel GarberHackettThe anthology most programs mean by this title; the Discourse, the correspondence with Arnauld, the Monadology and the key papers on force and freedom.

    Amazon

  39. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophyby Isaac Newton · 1687

    I. Bernard Cohen and Anne WhitmanUniversity of California PressThe first complete modern translation, with Cohen's long Guide that most readers need as much as the text.Compare 3 translations

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  40. Selected Worksby Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz · 1680s-1691

    Edith GrossmanW. W. NortonGrossman's translation with an introduction by Julia Alvarez; includes the Response and First Dream.

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  41. The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophyby Anne Conway · c. 1670

    Allison P. Coudert and Taylor CorseCambridge University PressThe standard modern translation, in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series, with an introduction on Conway's sources.

    Amazon

  42. Treatise on Lightby Christiaan Huygens · 1690

    Silvanus P. ThompsonDoverThe only translation in print, and short enough to read in an evening with a pencil.

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Enlightenment

  1. New Essays Concerning Human Understandingby Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1704

    Peter Remnant and Jonathan BennettCambridge University PressThe standard complete English translation, in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series.

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  2. Monadologyby Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1714

    Daniel Garber and Roger AriewHackettA clear translation of the Monadology with the Discourse and the Principles of Nature and Grace that explain it.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  3. Principles of Nature and Graceby Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1714

    Daniel Garber and Roger AriewHackettPrints this short summary next to the Monadology it was written alongside.

    Amazon

  4. Persian Lettersby Montesquieu · 1721

    Margaret MauldonOxford World's ClassicsA lively modern translation with notes by Andrew Kahn on the Persian and Parisian references.

    Amazon

  5. Letters on the Englishby Voltaire · 1733

    Leonard TancockPenguin ClassicsA clear translation of all twenty-five letters with brief notes.

    Amazon

  6. The Spirit of the Lawsby Montesquieu · 1748

    Anne M. Cohler, Basia C. Miller and Harold S. StoneCambridge University PressThe complete modern translation in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought series.

    Amazon

  7. Discourse on Political Economyby Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1755

    Donald A. CressHackettThe Cress volume includes this essay alongside the Discourses and the Social Contract.

    Amazon

  8. Discourse on the Origin of Inequalityby Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1755

    Donald A. CressHackettContains both Discourses, the Discourse on Political Economy and the Social Contract in one accurate, inexpensive volume.

    Amazon

  9. Candideby Voltaire · 1759

    Theo CuffePenguin ClassicsA lively modern translation with Michael Wood's introduction and full notes.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  10. Emileby Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1762

    Allan BloomBasic BooksThe standard complete translation, with an introduction that explains why the book matters for politics as well as pedagogy.

    Amazon

  11. Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicarby Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1762

    Allan BloomBasic BooksThe Profession is best read in Book IV of Emile, where Rousseau placed it; Bloom's is the standard translation.

    Amazon

  12. Rameau's Nephewby Denis Diderot · c. 1761

    Leonard TancockPenguin ClassicsPairs the two dialogues most often assigned; Margaret Mauldon's Oxford version is a good alternative.

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  13. The Social Contractby Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1762

    Donald A. CressHackettThe Social Contract together with the Discourses it answers, in a clear translation with the key French terms flagged.

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  14. Philosophical Dictionaryby Voltaire · 1764

    Theodore BestermanPenguin ClassicsA generous selection of the articles in a readable translation.

    Amazon

  15. Minna von Barnhelmby Gotthold Ephraim Lessing · 1767

    Kenneth J. NorthcottContinuumThe German Library volume, edited by Peter Demetz, is the most available modern translation.

    Amazon

  16. The Education of the Human Raceby Gotthold Ephraim Lessing · 1780

    H. B. NisbetCambridge University PressThe Cambridge Texts edition, which collects this essay with Lessing's other religious writings in a modern translation.

    Amazon

  17. Critique of Pure Reasonby Immanuel Kant · 1781

    Paul Guyer and Allen W. WoodCambridge University PressComplete, includes both the A and B editions, and is the translation most courses cite.Compare 3 translations

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  18. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysicsby Immanuel Kant · 1783

    Gary HatfieldCambridge University PressA clear modern translation with selections from the Critique and contemporary reviews.

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  19. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Moralsby Immanuel Kant · 1785

    Mary Gregor and Jens TimmermannCambridge University PressThe standard scholarly translation, revised, with the German on facing pages and a short introduction.Compare 3 translations

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  20. Don Giovanniby Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · 1787

    Lionel SalterDover (Opera Guide and Libretto Series)Da Ponte's Italian with a facing English translation; pair it with a recording, since the work is the music and the words together.

    Amazon

  21. Critique of Practical Reasonby Immanuel Kant · 1788

    Mary GregorCambridge University PressGregor's standard translation in a revised edition with an introduction by Andrews Reath.

    Amazon

  22. Egmontby Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · 1788

    Michael HamburgerHarper and RowHamburger's is the most readable modern English version; older translations by Anna Swanwick are free online.

    Amazon

  23. Elements of Chemistryby Antoine Lavoisier · 1789

    Robert KerrDoverAn affordable reprint of the 1790 English translation, with the original plates.Compare 2 translations

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  24. Critique of Judgmentby Immanuel Kant · 1790

    Paul Guyer and Eric MatthewsCambridge University PressThe complete Cambridge Edition translation, including the first introduction Kant discarded.

    Amazon

  25. Declaration of the Rights of Womanby Olympe de Gouges · 1791

    Lynn HuntBedford/St. Martin'sPlaces the Declaration beside the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man it rewrites and the other revolutionary debates on rights.

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  26. The Debate between Sieyès and Paineby Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and Thomas Paine · 1791

    Michael SonenscherHackettSonenscher's Sieyès volume prints the exchange with Paine alongside What Is the Third Estate?

    Amazon

  27. Letters upon the Aesthetic Education of Manby Friedrich Schiller · 1795

    Keith TribePenguin ClassicsA recent, clear translation with Alexander Schmidt's introduction; the Wilkinson and Willoughby edition is the scholarly standard.

    Amazon

  28. Hermann and Dorotheaby Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · 1797

    Ellen FrothinghamDoverA nineteenth-century verse translation, reprinted; the poem has few modern English versions.

    Amazon

  29. The Metaphysics of Moralsby Immanuel Kant · 1797

    Mary GregorCambridge University PressThe standard English translation of both the Doctrine of Right and the Doctrine of Virtue.

    Amazon

Nineteenth Century

  1. William Tellby Friedrich Schiller · 1804

    William F. MainlandUniversity of Chicago PressA verse translation that keeps the play's pace; the older translations in the Harvard Classics are harder going.

    Amazon

  2. Phenomenology of Spiritby G. W. F. Hegel · 1807

    A. V. MillerOxford University PressMiller's paragraph-numbered translation is still the one most programs cite; Terry Pinkard's Cambridge version is the modern alternative.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  3. Faustby Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · 1808

    David LukeOxford World's ClassicsA verse translation of Part One that is both accurate and speakable, with Part Two as a companion volume.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  4. Poetry and Truthby Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · 1811-1833

    Robert R. HeitnerPrinceton University PressThe complete modern translation from the Suhrkamp Goethe edition, with notes by Thomas P. Saine.

    Amazon

  5. Children's and Household Talesby Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm · 1812-1857

    Jack ZipesBantamAll 210 tales of the 1857 edition, plus the omitted ones, in a plain modern translation.

    Amazon

  6. Philosophy of Rightby G. W. F. Hegel · 1821

    H. B. NisbetCambridge University PressAllen Wood's edition with Hegel's own additions and full notes; the standard scholarly text.

    Amazon

  7. On Loveby Stendhal · 1822

    Gilbert Sale and Suzanne SalePenguin ClassicsThe standard English text, with Jean Stewart and B. C. J. G. Knight's introduction.

    Amazon

  8. The Analytical Theory of Heatby Joseph Fourier · 1822

    Alexander FreemanDover PublicationsThe 1878 Cambridge translation, reprinted cheaply and still the only complete English version.

    Amazon

  9. Cromwellby Victor Hugo · 1827

    George Burnham IvesP. F. Collier and SonContains the Preface, which is what programs assign; the play itself has rarely been translated in full.

    Amazon

  10. The Betrothedby Alessandro Manzoni · 1827

    Michael F. MooreModern LibraryThe first new translation in fifty years, readable and complete; Bruce Penman's Penguin version is the older standard.

    Amazon

  11. The Positive Philosophyby Auguste Comte · 1830-1842

    Harriet MartineauMartineau's condensation of the six volumes into two, which Comte himself approved and which is the version usually read in English.

    Amazon

  12. The Red and the Blackby Stendhal · 1830

    Roger GardPenguin ClassicsAccurate and current; Burton Raffel's Modern Library translation is brisker.

    Amazon

  13. On Warby Carl von Clausewitz · 1832

    Michael Howard and Peter ParetPrinceton University PressThe standard modern translation, with introductory essays by Paret, Howard and Bernard Brodie.

    Amazon

  14. Eugénie Grandetby Honoré de Balzac · 1833

    Sylvia RaphaelOxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics)Accurate and readable, with a helpful introduction and notes.

    Amazon

  15. Democracy in Americaby Alexis de Tocqueville · 1835-1840

    Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba WinthropUniversity of Chicago PressExact and consistent in its key terms, with notes that track Tocqueville's vocabulary.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  16. Introductory Lectures on Aestheticsby G. W. F. Hegel · 1820

    Bernard BosanquetPenguin ClassicsMichael Inwood's edition of the introduction, the part nearly everyone reads; T. M. Knox's two-volume Oxford set has the whole.

    Amazon

  17. Père Goriotby Honoré de Balzac · 1835

    A. J. KrailsheimerOxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics)A faithful, current translation with a good introduction; the Penguin translation by Olivia McCannon is also sound.

    Amazon

  18. Talesby Hans Christian Andersen · 1835-1872

    Tiina NunnallyPenguin ClassicsA fresh translation of thirty tales from the Danish, edited by Jackie Wullschlager, that restores Andersen's plain and ironic voice.

    Amazon

  19. Lectures on the Philosophy of Historyby G. W. F. Hegel · 1822

    J. SibreeDoverThe complete Sibree translation is the one in Great Books; Leo Rauch's Hackett Introduction covers the part most courses read.Compare 2 translations

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  20. The Charterhouse of Parmaby Stendhal · 1839

    Richard HowardModern LibraryA vigorous modern translation; Margaret Mauldon's Oxford version is the alternative.

    Amazon

  21. Essay on Algeriaby Alexis de Tocqueville · 1841

    Jennifer PittsJohns Hopkins University PressThe standard English text of the Algeria writings, with an introduction that explains their place in Tocqueville's politics.

    Amazon

  22. The Essence of Christianityby Ludwig Feuerbach · 1841

    George EliotDoverMarian Evans's 1854 translation, the one English readers have always used, in a cheap reprint.

    Amazon

  23. Fear and Tremblingby Søren Kierkegaard · 1843

    Alastair HannayPenguin ClassicsReadable and accurate, with a helpful introduction; the Hongs' Princeton edition is the scholarly alternative.Compare 2 translations

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  24. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844by Karl Marx · 1844

    Martin MilliganW. W. NortonRobert Tucker's anthology, which contains the key manuscripts and is the edition most programs assign.Compare 3 translations

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  25. Philosophical Fragmentsby Søren Kierkegaard · 1844

    Howard V. Hong and Edna H. HongPrinceton University PressThe standard scholarly translation, with Kierkegaard's own notes and the related early draft.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  26. Cousin Betteby Honoré de Balzac · 1846

    Marion Ayton CrawfordPenguin ClassicsLong the standard English version; Oxford World's Classics also has a good translation by Sylvia Raphael.

    Amazon

  27. The Communist Manifestoby Karl Marx · 1848

    Samuel MoorePenguin ClassicsThe 1888 English text authorised by Engels, with Gareth Stedman Jones's long historical introduction.Compare 3 translations

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  28. Studies in Pessimismby Arthur Schopenhauer · 1851

    T. Bailey SaundersCosimo ClassicsA reprint of Saunders's 1890 selection; the essays are also in Hollingdale's Penguin Essays and Aphorisms.

    Amazon

  29. The Poetry of the Celtic Racesby Ernest Renan · 1854

    William G. HutchisonWalter ScottThe translation used in the Harvard Classics; it is out of print but freely available online.

    Amazon

  30. The Old Regime and the Revolutionby Alexis de Tocqueville · 1856

    Alan S. KahanUniversity of Chicago PressThe Furet and Melonio edition, which prints the finished volume with Tocqueville's notes and drafts for the sequel he did not live to write.

    Amazon

  31. Madame Bovaryby Gustave Flaubert · 1857

    Lydia DavisPenguin ClassicsClosest to Flaubert's exact, unsentimental sentences, with notes on his revisions.Compare 2 translations

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  32. Tristan and Isoldeby Richard Wagner · 1857

    Andrew PorterCalderEnglish National Opera guide with the German libretto facing and essays; St. John's reads the libretto with the score.

    Amazon

  33. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicineby Claude Bernard · 1865

    Henry Copley GreeneDover PublicationsThe standard English translation in an inexpensive reprint.

    Amazon

  34. Crime and Punishmentby Fyodor Dostoevsky · 1866

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyVintage ClassicsFaithful to Dostoevsky's abrupt, repetitive style; Oliver Ready's Penguin version is a good alternative.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  35. Capitalby Karl Marx · 1867

    Ben FowkesPenguin ClassicsThe standard modern English text of Volume I, with Ernest Mandel's introduction and the appendix on the results of the immediate process of production.Compare 3 translations

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  36. The Idiotby Fyodor Dostoevsky · 1869

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyVintage ClassicsThe most accurate modern translation; David McDuff's Penguin edition is another sound choice.

    Amazon

  37. War and Peaceby Leo Tolstoy · 1865-1869

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyVintage ClassicsKeeps Tolstoy's repetitions and the French passages, with a full apparatus.Compare 3 translations

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  38. On the Use and Disadvantage of History for Lifeby Friedrich Nietzsche · 1874

    R. J. HollingdaleCambridge University PressAll four meditations in the Cambridge Texts series, with an introduction by Daniel Breazeale.

    Amazon

  39. Three Storiesby Gustave Flaubert · 1877

    Roger WhitehousePenguin ClassicsA precise modern translation with an introduction by Geoffrey Wall.Compare 2 translations

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  40. Anna Kareninaby Leo Tolstoy · 1875-1878

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyPenguin ClassicsFaithful to Tolstoy's plain, sometimes awkward prose; the current standard.

    Amazon

  41. A Doll's Houseby Henrik Ibsen · 1879

    James McFarlane and Jens ArupOxford World's ClassicsAccurate translations from the Oxford Ibsen, with three of the other plays on the lists in the same volume.Compare 2 translations

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  42. The Brothers Karamazovby Fyodor Dostoevsky · 1880

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyFarrar, Straus and GirouxClose to the Russian and the translation most programs now assign; Garnett is the one in the Great Books set.Compare 3 translations

    Amazon

  43. Thus Spoke Zarathustraby Friedrich Nietzsche · 1883-1885

    Walter KaufmannPenguinKaufmann's translation, which keeps the biblical cadence, is the one most often assigned.

    Amazon

  44. The Wild Duckby Henrik Ibsen · 1884

    Rolf FjeldePlumeAll twelve prose plays in one volume, in a translation that has held up on stage.

    Amazon

  45. Beyond Good and Evilby Friedrich Nietzsche · 1886

    Walter KaufmannVintageKaufmann's translation and notes remain the ones most programs assign.Compare 3 translations

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  46. On the Genealogy of Moralsby Friedrich Nietzsche · 1887

    Walter Kaufmann and R. J. HollingdaleVintageThe standard classroom translation, bound with Nietzsche's late self-portrait.Compare 2 translations

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  47. The Will to Powerby Friedrich Nietzsche · 1883

    Walter Kaufmann and R. J. HollingdaleVintageThe only complete English version of the 1906 arrangement, with Kaufmann's cautions about its provenance.

    Amazon

  48. Time and Free Willby Henri Bergson · 1889

    F. L. PogsonDoverThe standard 1910 translation, reprinted cheaply.

    Amazon

  49. Hedda Gablerby Henrik Ibsen · 1890

    James McFarlane and Jens ArupOxford World's ClassicsAccurate translations from the Oxford Ibsen, with three of the other plays on the lists in the same volume.

    Amazon

  50. The Master Builderby Henrik Ibsen · 1892

    James McFarlane and Jens ArupOxford World's ClassicsAccurate translations from the Oxford Ibsen, with three of the other plays on the lists in the same volume.

    Amazon

  51. Selected Papers on Hysteriaby Sigmund Freud · 1893-1909

    James StracheyBasic BooksThe core of the Brill selection is Freud's early work with Breuer; this is the Standard Edition translation of that book.

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  52. Matter and Memoryby Henri Bergson · 1896

    N. M. Paul and W. S. PalmerZone BooksThe authorised translation in a well-made edition; the one scholars cite.

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  53. Uncle Vanyaby Anton Chekhov · 1897

    Peter CarsonPenguin ClassicsAll five major plays in a faithful, playable translation with Richard Gilman's introduction.

    Amazon

  54. What Is Art?by Leo Tolstoy · 1897

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyPenguin ClassicsThe first English translation made from the uncensored Russian text.

    Amazon

  55. The Interpretation of Dreamsby Sigmund Freud · 1899

    James StracheyBasic BooksThe complete Standard Edition text, with the variant readings of Freud's eight German editions.

    Amazon

Twentieth Century

  1. Science and Hypothesisby Henri Poincaré · 1902

    Mélanie Frappier, Andrea Smith and David J. StumpBloomsburyA fresh complete translation; the 1905 Dover text is the one in Great Books and is free online.

    Amazon

  2. An Introduction to Metaphysicsby Henri Bergson · 1903

    T. E. HulmeHackettHulme's early translation with a new introduction by Thomas Goudge; short and cheap.

    Amazon

  3. Hadji Muratby Leo Tolstoy · 1896

    Richard Pevear and Larissa VolokhonskyVintage ClassicsA clean modern translation of the late novella, published as a standalone volume.

    Amazon

  4. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalismby Max Weber · 1904

    Peter Baehr and Gordon C. WellsPenguin ClassicsTranslates the original 1905 version with Weber's replies to critics and related essays.

    Amazon

  5. Twenty-Three Talesby Leo Tolstoy · 1872

    Louise and Aylmer MaudeOxford University PressThe collection as the Maudes assembled it with Tolstoy's approval; long out of copyright and easy to find online or in reprint.

    Amazon

  6. Creative Evolutionby Henri Bergson · 1907

    Arthur MitchellDoverThe 1911 authorised translation, still the one most readers use, in an inexpensive reprint.

    Amazon

  7. Science and Methodby Henri Poincaré · 1908

    Francis MaitlandDoverThe standard translation, with a preface by Bertrand Russell.

    Amazon

  8. Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysisby Sigmund Freud · 1910

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition translation; the clearest short entry to Freud's own account of his method.

    Amazon

  9. Death in Veniceby Thomas Mann · 1912

    Michael Henry HeimEcco (HarperCollins)A modern translation praised for catching Mann's irony, with an introduction by Michael Cunningham.

    Amazon

  10. In Search of Lost Timeby Marcel Proust · 1913-1927

    C. K. Scott Moncrieff, Terence Kilmartin and D. J. EnrightModern LibraryThe revised Scott Moncrieff in six volumes, the text most readers of the whole novel in English use.

    Amazon

  11. Swann's Wayby Marcel Proust · 1913

    Lydia DavisPenguin ClassicsClose to Proust's sentences and free of Scott Moncrieff's embroidery; the Modern Library Kilmartin-Enright text is the other standard.

    Amazon

  12. On Narcissismby Sigmund Freud · 1914

    James StracheyW. W. NortonPeter Gay's anthology includes this paper in the Standard Edition translation.

    Amazon

  13. Remembering, Repeating and Working-Throughby Sigmund Freud · 1914

    James StracheyW. W. NortonPeter Gay's anthology prints this paper in the Standard Edition translation.

    Amazon

  14. The Metamorphosisby Franz Kafka · 1915

    Stanley CorngoldBantam ClassicsAn accurate translation with a useful note on the German; the Norton Critical Edition uses the same translator.

    Amazon

  15. The Unconsciousby Sigmund Freud · 1915

    James StracheyW. W. NortonPeter Gay's anthology contains this and several of the companion metapsychological papers.

    Amazon

  16. Thoughts for the Times on War and Deathby Sigmund Freud · 1915

    James StracheyW. W. NortonPeter Gay's anthology reprints the essay in the Standard Edition translation.

    Amazon

  17. A General Introduction to Psycho-Analysisby Sigmund Freud · 1916-1917

    James StracheyW. W. NortonStrachey's later translation supersedes the 1920 Riviere version that Great Books of the Western World reprints under this title.

    Amazon

  18. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysisby Sigmund Freud · 1916-1917

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition translation, with Strachey's notes on Freud's terms.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  19. Mourning and Melancholiaby Sigmund Freud · 1917

    James StracheyW. W. NortonPeter Gay's anthology includes this and most of the other short papers programs assign, in the Standard Edition translation.

    Amazon

  20. Relativity: The Special and the General Theoryby Albert Einstein · 1917

    Robert W. LawsonPenguin ClassicsThe authorised translation with Einstein's own later additions, and an introduction by Nigel Calder.

    Amazon

  21. The Waning of the Middle Agesby Johan Huizinga · 1919

    Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich MammitzschUniversity of Chicago PressThe first complete English translation; Hopman's 1924 abridgement, which Great Books reprints, cut a third of the book.

    Amazon

  22. Art and Scholasticismby Jacques Maritain · 1920

    Joseph W. EvansUniversity of Notre Dame PressThe standard English translation, with the companion essay and Maritain's extensive notes.

    Amazon

  23. Beyond the Pleasure Principleby Sigmund Freud · 1920

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition text in a slim volume with Strachey's editorial notes.

    Amazon

  24. Origin and Development of the Quantum Theoryby Max Planck · 1920

    H. T. Clarke and L. SilbersteinClarendon PressThe original English edition; the lecture is also freely available from the Nobel Foundation.

    Amazon

  25. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Egoby Sigmund Freud · 1921

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition translation in a standalone paperback.

    Amazon

  26. Six Characters in Search of an Authorby Luigi Pirandello · 1921

    Mark MusaPenguin ClassicsA clear modern translation that includes Pirandello's preface, which explains where the characters came from.

    Amazon

  27. The Meaning of Relativityby Albert Einstein · 1922

    Edwin Plimpton AdamsPrinceton University PressThe fifth edition, with the appendices Einstein added up to 1954 and an introduction by Brian Greene.

    Amazon

  28. The Ego and the Idby Sigmund Freud · 1923

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition text as a slim paperback with Strachey's notes.

    Amazon

  29. The Magic Mountainby Thomas Mann · 1924

    John E. WoodsVintage InternationalThe current standard translation, more accurate and more readable than Lowe-Porter's.

    Amazon

  30. The Word of God and the Word of Manby Karl Barth · 1924

    Douglas HortonPeter SmithThe 1928 Horton translation reprinted in the Great Books set; a newer translation by Amy Marga is published by T and T Clark as The Word of God and Theology.

    Amazon

  31. The Trialby Franz Kafka · 1925

    Breon MitchellSchockenTranslated from the restored critical text, with Kafka's chapter order and unfinished fragments.

    Amazon

  32. Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxietyby Sigmund Freud · 1926

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition translation as a standalone paperback.

    Amazon

  33. The Castleby Franz Kafka · 1926

    Mark HarmanSchockenTranslated from the restored German text, ending where Kafka's manuscript breaks off mid-sentence.

    Amazon

  34. What Is Metaphysics?by Martin Heidegger · 1929

    David Farrell KrellHarper PerennialKrell's collection is where students usually meet the lecture, alongside its Postscript and the Letter on Humanism.

    Amazon

  35. Civilization and Its Discontentsby Sigmund Freud · 1930

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition text with Peter Gay's introduction; the translation nearly every course uses.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  36. The Degrees of Knowledgeby Jacques Maritain · 1932

    Gerald B. PhelanUniversity of Notre Dame PressThe translation from the fourth French edition, in the Collected Works of Jacques Maritain.

    Amazon

  37. The Two Sources of Morality and Religionby Henri Bergson · 1932

    R. Ashley Audra and Cloudesley BreretonUniversity of Notre Dame PressThe authorised translation, kept in print by Notre Dame.

    Amazon

  38. Where Is Science Going?by Max Planck · 1932

    James MurphyW. W. NortonThe original English collection, with a prologue by Einstein and an interview with Planck by the translator.

    Amazon

  39. Joseph and His Brothersby Thomas Mann · 1933-1943

    John E. WoodsEveryman's LibraryWoods's translation of all four novels in one volume, replacing the older Lowe-Porter version.

    Amazon

  40. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysisby Sigmund Freud · 1933

    James StracheyW. W. NortonThe Standard Edition translation in a standalone paperback.

    Amazon

  41. Introduction to Metaphysicsby Martin Heidegger · 1935

    Gregory Fried and Richard PoltYale University PressThe revised second edition, with a glossary and notes that make Heidegger's German coinages followable.

    Amazon

  42. True Humanismby Jacques Maritain · 1936

    Otto Bird, Joseph Evans and Richard O'SullivanUniversity of Notre Dame PressThe Collected Works volume with the revised translation under the more accurate title Integral Humanism.

    Amazon

  43. Nauseaby Jean-Paul Sartre · 1938

    Lloyd AlexanderNew DirectionsThe long-standing English text, with Hayden Carruth's introduction.

    Amazon

  44. Mother Courage and Her Childrenby Bertolt Brecht · 1939

    John WillettBloomsbury (Methuen Drama)Willett's translation with Brecht's own notes and the songs; the Tony Kushner version is freer and more playable.

    Amazon

  45. The Rights of Man and Natural Lawby Jacques Maritain · 1942

    Doris C. AnsonIgnatius PressA reprint of the 1943 English translation made during the war.

    Amazon

  46. Being and Nothingnessby Jean-Paul Sartre · 1943

    Hazel E. BarnesWashington Square PressThe translation everyone cites, with a long index that makes the vocabulary navigable.

    Amazon

  47. No Exitby Jean-Paul Sartre · 1944

    Stuart Gilbert and Lionel AbelVintageCollects No Exit with The Flies, Dirty Hands and The Respectful Prostitute for little more than the price of one.

    Amazon

  48. Essays in Sociologyby Max Weber · 1906

    H. H. Gerth and C. Wright MillsOxford University PressThe English anthology the Great Books set draws on, with a long biographical introduction.

    Amazon

  49. If This Is a Manby Primo Levi · 1947

    Stuart WoolfTouchstoneThe American edition under the title the Notre Dame list uses; the same translation appears as If This Is a Man in the UK.

    Amazon

  50. Scientific Autobiographyby Max Planck · 1948

    Frank GaynorPhilosophical LibraryThe English text used in Great Books, with four related lectures.

    Amazon

  51. The Second Sexby Simone de Beauvoir · 1949

    Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-ChevallierVintageThe first complete English translation; the older Parshley version cut about a tenth of the text.Compare 2 translations

    Amazon

  52. Philosophical Investigationsby Ludwig Wittgenstein · 1953

    G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim SchulteWiley-BlackwellThe revised fourth edition, with facing German and the corrections Hacker and Schulte made to Anscombe's text.

    Amazon

  53. Structural Anthropologyby Claude Lévi-Strauss · 1958

    Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest SchoepfBasic BooksThe standard English translation of the first volume, the one the Great Books set excerpts.

    Amazon

  54. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexicoby Miguel León-Portilla (ed.) · 1959

    Lysander KempBeacon PressThe expanded edition, with new material on the aftermath of the conquest and the Aztecs' later history.

    Amazon

  55. The Wretched of the Earthby Frantz Fanon · 1961

    Richard PhilcoxGrove PressThe current standard translation, with Sartre's original preface and a foreword by Homi Bhabha; Constance Farrington's older version is the one many quotations come from.

    Amazon

  56. Cancer Wardby Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn · 1968

    Nicholas Bethell and David BurgFarrar, Straus and GirouxThe standard English translation, still in print.

    Amazon

  57. The First Circleby Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn · 1968

    Harry T. WillettsHarper PerennialThe complete 96-chapter version Solzhenitsyn restored, replacing the cut text published in 1968.

    Amazon

  58. Discipline and Punishby Michel Foucault · 1975

    Alan SheridanVintage BooksThe standard English translation in the current paperback.

    Amazon

  59. Slow Down: The Degrowth Manifestoby Kohei Saito · 2020

    Brian BergstromAstra HouseThe English translation of the Japanese bestseller, published in Britain by Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

    Amazon

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