Knowledge and truth

What we can know, and how we can be sure.

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The OdysseyHomer · c. 725 BCEOn 9 listsConfessionsAugustine · 397-400On 9 listsApologyPlato · c. 395 BCEOn 8 listsThe RepublicPlato · c. 375 BCEOn 8 listsMeditations on First PhilosophyRené Descartes · 1641On 8 listsOedipus the KingSophocles · c. 429 BCEOn 7 listsPhaedoPlato · c. 380 BCEOn 7 listsSymposiumPlato · c. 380 BCEOn 7 listsOn the Nature of ThingsLucretius · c. 55 BCEOn 7 listsSumma TheologicaThomas Aquinas · 1265-1274On 7 listsEssaysMichel de Montaigne · 1580-1595On 7 listsDon QuixoteMiguel de Cervantes · 1605-1615On 7 listsPenséesBlaise Pascal · 1657On 7 listsPhysicsAristotle · c. 350 BCEOn 6 listsNovum OrganumFrancis Bacon · 1620On 6 listsDiscourse on MethodRené Descartes · 1637On 6 listsAn Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingDavid Hume · 1748On 6 listsFaustJohann Wolfgang von Goethe · 1808On 6 listsMenoPlato · c. 385 BCEOn 5 listsMetaphysicsAristotle · c. 340 BCEOn 5 listsMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyIsaac Newton · 1687On 5 listsGulliver's TravelsJonathan Swift · 1726On 5 listsCritique of Pure ReasonImmanuel Kant · 1781On 5 listsOn LibertyJohn Stuart Mill · 1859On 5 listsOn the Origin of SpeciesCharles Darwin · 1859On 5 listsBeyond Good and EvilFriedrich Nietzsche · 1886On 5 listsThe CloudsAristophanes · 423 BCEOn 4 listsTimaeusPlato · c. 360 BCEOn 4 listsOn the SoulAristotle · c. 350 BCEOn 4 listsOrganonAristotle · c. 350 BCEOn 4 listsElementsEuclid · c. 300 BCEOn 4 listsThe EnneadsPlotinus · c. 253On 4 listsProslogionAnselm · c. 1078On 4 listsOn the Motion of the Heart and Blood in AnimalsWilliam Harvey · 1628On 4 listsDiscourse on MetaphysicsGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1686On 4 listsPrinciples of Human KnowledgeGeorge Berkeley · 1710On 4 listsPhenomenology of SpiritG. W. F. Hegel · 1807On 4 listsJobAnonymous · c. 6th c. BCEOn 3 listsMedical WritingsHippocrates · c. 430-350 BCEOn 3 listsAlmagestPtolemy · c. 150 CEOn 3 listsOn the Natural FacultiesGalen · c. 170 CEOn 3 listsOn Christian DoctrineAugustine · 397-426On 3 listsThe Praise of FollyDesiderius Erasmus · 1511On 3 listsInstitutes of the Christian ReligionJohn Calvin · 1536On 3 listsOn the Revolutions of the Heavenly SpheresNicolaus Copernicus · 1543On 3 listsEpitome of Copernican AstronomyJohannes Kepler · 1618-1621On 3 listsNew AtlantisFrancis Bacon · 1627On 3 listsRules for the Direction of the MindRené Descartes · c. 1628On 3 listsGeometryRené Descartes · 1637On 3 listsDialogues Concerning Two New SciencesGalileo Galilei · 1638On 3 listsAreopagiticaJohn Milton · 1644On 3 listsEthicsBaruch Spinoza · 1677On 3 listsAn Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingJohn Locke · 1689On 3 listsOpticksIsaac Newton · 1704On 3 listsMonadologyGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1714On 3 listsA Treatise of Human NatureDavid Hume · 1739-1740On 3 listsElements of ChemistryAntoine Lavoisier · 1789On 3 listsExperimental Researches in ElectricityMichael Faraday · 1839-1855On 3 listsPhilosophical FragmentsSøren Kierkegaard · 1844On 3 listsMoby-DickHerman Melville · 1851On 3 listsPragmatismWilliam James · 1907On 3 listsIntroductory Lectures on PsychoanalysisSigmund Freud · 1916-1917On 3 listsFragmentsThe Pre-Socratic Philosophers · c. 600-400 BCEOn 2 listsPrometheus BoundAeschylus · c. 430 BCEOn 2 listsEuthyphroPlato · c. 395 BCEOn 2 listsProtagorasPlato · c. 390 BCEOn 2 listsParmenidesPlato · c. 365 BCEOn 2 listsTheaetetusPlato · c. 365 BCEOn 2 listsSophistPlato · c. 360 BCEOn 2 listsOn Generation and CorruptionAristotle · c. 350 BCEOn 2 listsParts of AnimalsAristotle · c. 345 BCEOn 2 listsWorksArchimedes · c. 250-212 BCEOn 2 listsOn Conic SectionsApollonius of Perga · c. 200 BCEOn 2 listsGospel of JohnThe Bible · c. 90-110 CEOn 2 listsIntroduction to ArithmeticNicomachus of Gerasa · c. 100On 2 listsOn the TeacherAugustine · 389On 2 listsThe Story of Hayy ibn YaqzanIbn Tufayl · c. 1160-1185On 2 listsGargantua and PantagruelFrançois Rabelais · 1532-1564On 2 listsOn the Loadstone and Magnetic BodiesWilliam Gilbert · 1600On 2 listsThe Advancement of LearningFrancis Bacon · 1605On 2 listsEssaysFrancis Bacon · 1597-1625On 2 listsTreatise on LightChristiaan Huygens · 1690On 2 listsLetters on the EnglishVoltaire · 1733On 2 listsCritique of JudgmentImmanuel Kant · 1790On 2 listsPoemsJohn Keats · 1816-1820On 2 listsEssaysRalph Waldo Emerson · 1841 and 1844On 2 listsThe German IdeologyKarl Marx · 1845On 2 listsOn the Use and Disadvantage of History for LifeFriedrich Nietzsche · 1874On 2 listsThe Wild DuckHenrik Ibsen · 1884On 2 listsThe Principles of PsychologyWilliam James · 1890On 2 listsThe Interpretation of DreamsSigmund Freud · 1899On 2 listsScience and HypothesisHenri Poincaré · 1902On 2 listsAn Introduction to MathematicsAlfred North Whitehead · 1911On 2 listsThe Problems of PhilosophyBertrand Russell · 1912On 2 listsRelativity: The Special and the General TheoryAlbert Einstein · 1917On 2 listsScience and the Modern WorldAlfred North Whitehead · 1925On 2 listsIntroduction to MetaphysicsMartin Heidegger · 1935On 2 listsScientific AutobiographyMax Planck · 1948On 2 listsFablesAesop · c. 6th c. BCEOn 1 listTao Te ChingLaozi · c. 4th c. BCEOn 1 listIonPlato · c. 390 BCEOn 1 listMinor Biological Works (Parva Naturalia)Aristotle · c. 350 BCEOn 1 listOn the HeavensAristotle · c. 350 BCEOn 1 listHistory of AnimalsAristotle · c. 345 BCEOn 1 listLetter to Herodotus and Letter to MenoeceusEpicurus · c. 300 BCEOn 1 listBuddhist WritingsAnonymous · c. 3rd c. BCEOn 1 listEcclesiastesAnonymous · c. 3rd c. BCEOn 1 listOn Floating BodiesArchimedes · c. 250 BCEOn 1 listGospel of ThomasAnonymous · c. 60-140 CEOn 1 listGospel of JudasAnonymous · c. 150 CEOn 1 listWorksLucian · c. 160-180On 1 listOutlines of ScepticismSextus Empiricus · c. 200On 1 listIsagogePorphyry · c. 270On 1 listChristian CreedsAnonymous · c. 150-451On 1 listOn Free Choice of the WillAugustine · 388-395On 1 listOn MusicBoethius · c. 500On 1 listBodhicaryavataraShantideva · c. 700 CEOn 1 listAn Exact Exposition of the Orthodox FaithJohn of Damascus · c. 743On 1 listOn the IntellectAl-Kindi · c. 850On 1 listDoubts About GalenAl-Razi · c. 900-925On 1 listOn the IntellectAl-Farabi · c. 940On 1 listThe Attainment of HappinessAl-Farabi · c. 940On 1 listThe CureAvicenna (Ibn Sina) · c. 1020-1027On 1 listThe Rescuer from ErrorAl-Ghazali · c. 1108On 1 listThe Guide of the PerplexedMaimonides · c. 1190On 1 listOn Being and EssenceThomas Aquinas · c. 1252-1256On 1 listOn the TeacherThomas Aquinas · c. 1256-1259On 1 listThe Division and Methods of the SciencesThomas Aquinas · c. 1257-1259On 1 listThe Journey of the Mind to GodBonaventure · 1259On 1 listThe Poetic EddaAnonymous · c. 800On 1 listCommentary on the Posterior AnalyticsThomas Aquinas · c. 1271-1272On 1 listParadisoDante Alighieri · c. 1316-1320On 1 listThe Ascent of Mont VentouxPetrarch · 1336On 1 listThe Book of the City of LadiesChristine de Pizan · 1405On 1 listNotebooksLeonardo da Vinci · c. 1478-1519On 1 listThe Interior CastleTeresa of Ávila · 1577On 1 listThe Defense of PoesyPhilip Sidney · c. 1580On 1 listJourneys in Diverse PlacesAmbroise Paré · 1585On 1 listDoctor FaustusChristopher Marlowe · c. 1592On 1 listThe AlchemistBen Jonson · 1610On 1 listThe Starry MessengerGalileo Galilei · 1610On 1 listLife Is a DreamPedro Calderón de la Barca · 1635On 1 listObjections Against the Meditations and RepliesRené Descartes · 1641-1642On 1 listCorrespondence with DescartesElisabeth of Bohemia · 1643-1649On 1 listReligio MediciThomas Browne · 1643On 1 listPrinciples of PhilosophyRené Descartes · 1644On 1 listTractate of EducationJohn Milton · 1644On 1 listOn the Circulation of the BloodWilliam Harvey · 1649On 1 listOn the Generation of AnimalsWilliam Harvey · 1651On 1 listScientific TreatisesBlaise Pascal · 1647-1665On 1 listTheologico-Political TreatiseBaruch Spinoza · 1670On 1 listParadise RegainedJohn Milton · 1671On 1 listThe Imaginary InvalidMolière · 1673On 1 listPhilosophical EssaysGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1686-1716On 1 listSelected WorksSor Juana Inés de la Cruz · 1680s-1691On 1 listThe Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern PhilosophyAnne Conway · c. 1670On 1 listA Tale of a TubJonathan Swift · 1704On 1 listNew Essays Concerning Human UnderstandingGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1704On 1 listAn Essay on CriticismAlexander Pope · 1711On 1 listThree Dialogues Between Hylas and PhilonousGeorge Berkeley · 1713On 1 listPrinciples of Nature and GraceGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · 1714On 1 listA Dictionary of the English LanguageSamuel Johnson · 1755On 1 listOf the Standard of TasteDavid Hume · 1757On 1 listRasselasSamuel Johnson · 1759On 1 listTristram ShandyLaurence Sterne · 1759-1767On 1 listProfession of Faith of a Savoyard VicarJean-Jacques Rousseau · 1762On 1 listPhilosophical DictionaryVoltaire · 1764On 1 listPreface to ShakespeareSamuel Johnson · 1765On 1 listThe Education of the Human RaceGotthold Ephraim Lessing · 1780On 1 listProlegomena to Any Future MetaphysicsImmanuel Kant · 1783On 1 listThe Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against SmallpoxEdward Jenner · 1798-1800On 1 listBiographia LiterariaSamuel Taylor Coleridge · 1817On 1 listJournalRalph Waldo Emerson · 1820-1882On 1 listThe Analytical Theory of HeatJoseph Fourier · 1822On 1 listOf Persons One Would Wish to Have SeenWilliam Hazlitt · 1826On 1 listPrinciples of GeologyCharles Lyell · 1830-1833On 1 listScientific PapersCharles Lyell · 1830On 1 listThe Positive PhilosophyAuguste Comte · 1830-1842On 1 listCharacteristicsThomas Carlyle · 1831On 1 listThe Voyage of the BeagleCharles Darwin · 1839On 1 listThe Essence of ChristianityLudwig Feuerbach · 1841On 1 listA System of LogicJohn Stuart Mill · 1843On 1 listThe Contagiousness of Puerperal FeverOliver Wendell Holmes · 1843On 1 listAn Essay on the Development of Christian DoctrineJohn Henry Newman · 1845On 1 listRepresentative MenRalph Waldo Emerson · 1850On 1 listThe Poetic PrincipleEdgar Allan Poe · 1848On 1 listThe Idea of a UniversityJohn Henry Newman · 1852On 1 listOn the Conservation of ForceHermann von Helmholtz · 1862On 1 listAn Introduction to the Study of Experimental MedicineClaude Bernard · 1865On 1 listInaugural Address at EdinburghThomas Carlyle · 1866On 1 listOn the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of SurgeryJoseph Lister · 1867On 1 listAutobiographyJohn Stuart Mill · 1873On 1 listAeterni PatrisPope Leo XIII · 1879On 1 listScientific PapersLouis Pasteur · 1878-1880On 1 listScience and CultureThomas Henry Huxley · 1880On 1 listThe Study of PoetryMatthew Arnold · 1880On 1 listThe Wave Theory of LightLord Kelvin · 1884On 1 listThe Will to PowerFriedrich Nietzsche · 1883On 1 listTime and Free WillHenri Bergson · 1889On 1 listMatter and MemoryHenri Bergson · 1896On 1 listAn Introduction to MetaphysicsHenri Bergson · 1903On 1 listThe Extent of the UniverseSimon Newcomb · 1906On 1 listCreative EvolutionHenri Bergson · 1907On 1 listPascendi Dominici GregisPope Pius X · 1907On 1 listScience and MethodHenri Poincaré · 1908On 1 listHow We ThinkJohn Dewey · 1910On 1 listThe Editor's Introduction and Reader's GuideCharles W. Eliot · 1910On 1 listEssays in Radical EmpiricismWilliam James · 1904On 1 listLectures on the Harvard ClassicsWilliam Allan Neilson · 1914On 1 listRemembering, Repeating and Working-ThroughSigmund Freud · 1914On 1 listThe UnconsciousSigmund Freud · 1915On 1 listDemocracy and EducationJohn Dewey · 1916On 1 listA General Introduction to Psycho-AnalysisSigmund Freud · 1916-1917On 1 listArt and ScholasticismJacques Maritain · 1920On 1 listOrigin and Development of the Quantum TheoryMax Planck · 1920On 1 listThe Analysis of MindBertrand Russell · 1921On 1 listThe Meaning of RelativityAlbert Einstein · 1922On 1 listSkepticism and Animal FaithGeorge Santayana · 1923On 1 listThe Magic MountainThomas Mann · 1924On 1 listThe Word of God and the Word of ManKarl Barth · 1924On 1 listExperience and NatureJohn Dewey · 1925On 1 listThe Aims of Education and Other EssaysAlfred North Whitehead · 1929On 1 listWhat Is Metaphysics?Martin Heidegger · 1929On 1 listThe Degrees of KnowledgeJacques Maritain · 1932On 1 listWhere Is Science Going?Max Planck · 1932On 1 listAdventures of IdeasAlfred North Whitehead · 1933On 1 listOn the Method of Theoretical PhysicsAlbert Einstein · 1933On 1 listThe Blue BookLudwig Wittgenstein · 1933-1934On 1 listThe Expanding UniverseArthur Eddington · 1933On 1 listAtomic Theory and the Description of NatureNiels Bohr · 1929-1934On 1 listAnalytical PsychologyCarl Jung · 1935On 1 listGenetics and the Origin of SpeciesTheodosius Dobzhansky · 1937On 1 listExperience and EducationJohn Dewey · 1938On 1 listLogic: The Theory of InquiryJohn Dewey · 1938On 1 listNauseaJean-Paul Sartre · 1938On 1 listThe Evolution of PhysicsAlbert Einstein · 1938On 1 listA Mathematician's ApologyG. H. Hardy · 1940On 1 listAn Inquiry into Meaning and TruthBertrand Russell · 1940On 1 listBeing and NothingnessJean-Paul Sartre · 1943On 1 listWhat Is Life?Erwin Schrödinger · 1944On 1 listEssays in SociologyMax Weber · 1906On 1 listIf This Is a ManPrimo Levi · 1947On 1 listHuman KnowledgeBertrand Russell · 1948On 1 listThe Syntopicon: An Index to the Great IdeasMortimer J. Adler · 1952On 1 listPhilosophical InvestigationsLudwig Wittgenstein · 1953On 1 listPhysics and PhilosophyWerner Heisenberg · 1958On 1 listStructural AnthropologyClaude Lévi-Strauss · 1958On 1 listThe Nature of LifeC. H. Waddington · 1961On 1 listThe First CircleAleksandr Solzhenitsyn · 1968On 1 listDiscipline and PunishMichel Foucault · 1975On 1 listVeritatis SplendorPope John Paul II · 1993On 1 list